Análisis de las fases del rescate acuático como elemento discriminativo del rendimiento / Analysis of the phases of lifesaving as a discriminative element of performance

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the different phases of a water rescue, their influence in the whole lifesavingand if lifeguards could be differentiated according to their abilities during a water rescue.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to analyze the different phases and lifeguard’sabilities of a simulated water rescue of 100 m. Thirty-fourprofessional lifeguards performed the test and the time was recorded for the first phase (swimming to the victim), the second phase (towing back the victim) and the third phase (extracting the victim). A discriminant analysis was conducted in order to classifylifeguards in two groups (high or medium level of abilities during the water rescue) and the times were compared on each phase.Results: The time during the second and the third phase classify correctly the lifeguards according to their level of abilities. Lifeguards with higher level of abilities performed the water rescue significantly faster, specifically during the second (p < 0.001, ES =1.38, large) and the third phase (p =0.002, ES = 1.09, medium), but no differences were found in the first part of the water rescue (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The time of a simulated water rescue seems to bea good method to classify lifeguards according to their abilities. These findings could allow rescue teams to know the skills of their lifeguards and design strategiesin order to decrease risks and enhance lifesaving (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar las diferentes fases del rescate para conocer su influencia sobre el resultado final y categorizar a los socorristas de acuerdo a su competencia acuática.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cruzado simulando un rescate a 100 metros con 34 socorristas, analizando las tres fases del rescate: nado hacia la víctima, traslado a tierra y extracción. Se realizó un análisis discriminante para clasificar a los socorristas según el tiempo de rescate.Resultados: La segunda y la tercera fase clasificó correctamente a los socorristas de acuerdo al tiempo empleado. La mayor competencia fue determinada especialmente en la segunda fase del salvamento (p<0,001, TE=1,38, grande) y en menor medida de la tercera fase (p=0,002, TE=1,09, mediano).Conclusión: El tiempo empleado en la segunda fase parece ser un buen método para clasificar la competencia de los socorristas durante el rescate. Estos hallazgos proporcionan información relevante para el entrenamiento y organización de equipos de rescate (AU)

Análisis del riesgo de ahogamiento asociado al entorno acuático y competencia natatoria / Analysis of the Drowning Risk Associated with Aquatic Environment and Swimming Ability

Un alto nivel de natación puede ser un factor protector ante el ahogamiento, sin embargo, esta relación todavía no ha sido empíricamente demostrada, en base al nivel de habilidad y entorno acuático. Este estudio diseñó una matriz de riesgo de ahogamiento en base al análisis probabilístico de un cuestionario respondido por 3.181 participantes. Se analizó la ocurrencia de Estrés/Distrés acuático (EDA) en base a 5 niveles de competencia y tres entornos acuáticos: a) Piscina sin olas ni corrientes, b) Lagos, embalses, ríos y playas sin olas ni corrientes, c) Ríos, playas o piscinas con olas y/o corrientes. Los resultados se expresaron en Odds Ratio (OR). El riesgo de EDA superó el OR de 25 en el entorno más peligroso y se incrementó para todos los escenarios conforme la competencia acuática era peor. Tres de cada cuatro nadadores han sufrido EDA y este evento pudo ser un incentivo para mejorar sus competencias acuáticas. (AU)

A high level of swimming can be a protective factor against drowning, however, this relationship has not yet been empirically demonstrated, based on water competence level and aquatic environment. This study designed a drowning risk matrix based on the probabilistic analysis of a questionnaire answered by 3,181 participants. The occurrence of Aquatic Stress/Distress (EDA) was analysed based on 5 skill levels and three aquatic scenarios: a) Pool without waves or currents, b) Lakes, reservoirs, rivers and beaches without waves or currents, c) Rivers, beaches or pools with waves and/or currents. The results were expressed in Odds Ratio (OR). EDA risk exceeded OR of 25 in the most dangerous environment and increased for all scenarios as aquatic competency worsened. Three out of four swimmers have suffered from EDA and this event could have been an incentive to improve their water competence. (AU)

Resuscitation and emergency care in drowning: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: The ILCOR Basic Life Support Task Force and the international drowning research community considered it timely to undertake a scoping review of the literature to identify evidence relating to the initial resuscitation, hospital-based interventions and criteria for safe discharge related to drowning. METHODS: Medline, PreMedline, Embase, Cochrane Reviews and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from 2000 to June 2020 to identify relevant literature. Titles and abstracts and if necessary full text were reviewed in duplicate. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported on the population (adults and children who are submerged in water), interventions (resuscitation in water/boats, airway management, oxygen administration, AED use, bystander CPR, ventilation strategies, ECMO, protocols for hospital discharge (I), comparator (standard care) and outcomes (O) survival, survival with a favourable neurological outcome, CPR quality, physiological end-points). RESULTS: The database search yielded 3242 references (Medline 1104, Pre-Medline 202, Embase 1722, Cochrane reviews 12, Cochrane CENTRAL 202). After removal of duplicates 2377 papers were left for screening titles and abstracts. In total 65 unique papers were included. The evidence identified was from predominantly high-income countries and lacked consistency in the populations, interventions and outcomes reported. Clinical studies were exclusively observational in nature. CONCLUSION: This scoping review found that there is very limited evidence from observational studies to inform evidence based clinical practice guidelines for drowning. The review highlights an urgent need for high quality research in drowning.

Evaluación sobre la técnica de compresiones torácicas usando APP. ¿Ayudan o entorpecen la reanimación cardiopulmonar? / Evaluation of the thoracic compression technique using APPs. Do they help or hinder cardiopulmonary resuscitation?

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de la reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) de personas no expertas guiada por una aplicación móvil con retroalimentación en tiempo real. Diseño: Estudio cuasi-experimental de corte transversal. Participantes: Una muestra de 113 estudiantes de enfermería sin experiencia ni formación en RCP participaron en el estudio. Intervenciones: Se realizaron tres test de RCP solo manos con compresiones continuas: 1)RCP sin dispositivo; 2)RCP con el teléfono apagado, y 3)RCP guiada por APP. Se aleatorizaron tres aplicaciones diferentes (Pocket CPR(R), CPR Pro(R) y Massage cardiaque et DSA(R)). Los tres test se realizaron de forma consecutiva, aleatorizados y separados 30min entre cada uno. Se utilizó el maniquí Laerdal Resusci Anne QCPR (Stavanger, Noruega) software 2.0.0.14. Variables de interés principales: Aplicaciones utilizadas. Variables demográficas para caracterizar a la muestra. Variables independientes: media de profundidad, ritmo medio, porcentaje de posición correcta de mano, porcentaje de compresiones con reexpansión correcta, porcentaje de compresiones con profundidad correcta, porcentaje de compresiones al ritmo correcto, calidad global de la RCP. Resultados: La calidad global de la RCP fue del 33,3%±32,7 para Pocket CPR, del 10,9%±22,72 para CPR Pro y del 7,8%±9,2 para Massage cardiaque et DSA. Con ninguna de las APP se consiguen mejorías estadísticamente significativas. El porcentaje de tiempo que el reanimador consiguió mantener el ritmo correcto mejoró con el uso de las tres APP. Conclusiones: La RCP guiada por APP no mejoró la calidad global de las compresiones durante la reanimación, si bien mejoró el porcentaje de compresiones realizadas a un ritmo correcto

Objective: To evaluate the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by lay people when guided by a mobile phone application with real-time feedback, with the comparison of three different mobile phone applications (APPs). Design: A cross-sectional quasi-experimental study was carried out. Participants: A sample of 113 nursing students participated in the study. Interventions: Three hands-only CPR tests with continuous compressions were performed: (i)without external help; (ii)with the mobile phone turned off; and (iii)guided by APP. Three different APPs were randomly assigned (Pocket CPR(R), CPR Pro(R)> and Massage cardiaque et DSA(R)). The mannequin Laerdal Resusci Anne QCPR (Stavanger, Norway) 2.0.0.14 software was used. Variables of primary interest: APPs used. Demographic variables characterizing the study sample. Independent variables: mean depth, mean rate, percentage of correct hand positioning, percentage of compressions with correct re-expansion, percentage of compressions with correct depth, percentage of compressions at the correct rate, and overall quality of CPR. Results: Overall CPR quality was 33.3% ± 32.7 using Pocket CPR, 10.9% ± 22.72% using CPR Pro and 7.8% ± 9.2 using Massage cardiaque et DSA. None of the APPs produced a statistically significant improvement. The percentage of time that the resuscitator managed to maintain a correct compression rate improved when using all three APPs. Conclusions: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation guided by phone APPs did not improve the overall quality of compressions during resuscitation, though it improved the percentage of compressions performed at the correct rate

Evaluation of the thoracic compression technique using APPs. Do they help or hinder cardiopulmonary resuscitation? / Evaluación sobre la técnica de compresiones torácicas usando APP. ¿Ayudan o entorpecen la reanimación cardiopulmonar?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by lay people when guided by a mobile phone application with real-time feedback, with the comparison of three different mobile phone applications (APPs). DESIGN: A cross-sectional quasi-experimental study was carried out. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 113 nursing students participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Three hands-only CPR tests with continuous compressions were performed: (i)without external help; (ii)with the mobile phone turned off; and (iii)guided by APP. Three different APPs were randomly assigned (Pocket CPR®, CPR Pro®> and Massage cardiaque et DSA®). The mannequin Laerdal Resusci Anne QCPR (Stavanger, Norway) 2.0.0.14 software was used. VARIABLES OF PRIMARY INTEREST: APPs used. Demographic variables characterizing the study sample. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: mean depth, mean rate, percentage of correct hand positioning, percentage of compressions with correct re-expansion, percentage of compressions with correct depth, percentage of compressions at the correct rate, and overall quality of CPR. RESULTS: Overall CPR quality was 33.3% ± 32.7 using Pocket CPR, 10.9% ± 22.72% using CPR Pro and 7.8% ± 9.2 using Massage cardiaque et DSA. None of the APPs produced a statistically significant improvement. The percentage of time that the resuscitator managed to maintain a correct compression rate improved when using all three APPs. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation guided by phone APPs did not improve the overall quality of compressions during resuscitation, though it improved the percentage of compressions performed at the correct rate.

Nueva técnica de masaje cardíaco en lactantes / A new chest compression technique in infants

Objetivo: Comparar en un maniquí de lactante la calidad de las compresiones torácicas según el método tradicional (MT) o según la nueva técnica de 2pulgares con puños cerrados (NM). Diseño: Estudio controlado, aleatorizado y cruzado en profesionales. Ámbito: Hospital Universitario con UCI Pediátrica del norte de España. Participantes: Residentes y enfermeros de Pediatría, habiendo superado un curso de RCP básica y avanzada pediátrica. Intervenciones: Análisis cuantitativo de calidad de compresiones torácicas en escenario de RCP en lactante durante 2 min, mediante el sistema SimPad(R) con SkillReporter(TM) de Laerdal. Variables de interés principales: Frecuencia media y porcentaje de compresiones en rango recomendada, profundidad media y porcentaje de compresiones en rango recomendado, porcentaje de compresiones con descompresión adecuada y porcentaje de compresiones realizadas con los dedos en el centro del tórax. Resultados: La calidad global de las compresiones (NM: 84,2±23,7% vs. MT: 80,1±25,4% [p=0,25; no sig.]), el porcentaje de compresiones con profundidad correcta (NM: 59,9±35,8% vs. MT: 59,5±35,7% [p=0,76; no sig.]), la profundidad media alcanzada (NM: 37,3±3,8mm vs. MT: 36±5,3mm [p=0,06; no sig.]), el porcentaje de reexpansión completa de la caja torácica (NM: 94,4±9,3% vs. MT: 92,4±18,3% [p=0,58; no sig.]) y el porcentaje de compresiones con la frecuencia recomendada (NM: 62,2±34,6% vs. MT: 51±37,2% [p=0,13; no sig.]) fueron similares con los 2métodos. Conclusiones: La calidad de compresiones torácicas con el nuevo método (pulgares con los puños cerrados) es similar a la obtenida con el método tradicional

Objective: To compare the quality of chest compressions performed according to the classical technique (MT) versus a new technique (NM) (compression with 2thumbs with closed fists) in an infant manikin. Design: A controlled, randomized cross-over study was carried out in professionals assisting pediatric patients. Setting: A University Hospital with a Pediatric ICU in the north of Spain. Participants: Residents and nurses in Pediatrics who had completed a basic and an advanced pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation course. Interventions: Quantitative analysis of the variables referred to chest compression quality in a 2-minute cardiopulmonary resuscitation scenario in infants. Laerdal's SimPad(R) with SkillReporter(TM) system was used. Main variables of interest: Mean rate and percentage of compressions in the recommended rate range, mean depth and percentage of compressions within the depth range of recommendations, percentage of compressions with adequate decompression, and percentage of compressions performed with the fingers in the center of the chest. Results: Global quality of the compressions (NM: 84.2±23.7% vs. MT: 80.1±25.4% [p=0.25; p=ns]), percentage of compressions with correct depth (NM: 59.9±35.8% vs. MT: 59.5±35.7% [p=0.76; p=ns]), mean depth reached (NM: 37.3±3.8mm vs. MT: 36±5.3mm [p=0.06; p=ns]), percentage of complete re-expansion of the chest (NM: 94.4±9.3% vs. MT: 92.4±18.3% [p=0.58; p=ns]), and percentage of compressions with the recommended rate (NM: 62.2±34.6% vs. MT: 51±37.2% [p=0.13; p=ns]) proved similar with both methods. Conclusions: The quality of chest compressions with the new method (thumbs with closed fists) is similar to that afforded by the traditional method

Implantación de programas educativos para prevenir ahogamientos. ¿Qué se puede hacer desde la escuela infantil? / Implementation of educational programs to prevent drowning. What can be done in nursery school?

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A new chest compression technique in infants. / Nueva técnica de masaje cardíaco en lactantes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the quality of chest compressions performed according to the classical technique (MT) versus a new technique (NM) (compression with 2thumbs with closed fists) in an infant manikin. DESIGN: A controlled, randomized cross-over study was carried out in professionals assisting pediatric patients. SETTING: A University Hospital with a Pediatric ICU in the north of Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Residents and nurses in Pediatrics who had completed a basic and an advanced pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation course. INTERVENTIONS: Quantitative analysis of the variables referred to chest compression quality in a 2-minute cardiopulmonary resuscitation scenario in infants. Laerdal's SimPad® with SkillReporter™ system was used. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Mean rate and percentage of compressions in the recommended rate range, mean depth and percentage of compressions within the depth range of recommendations, percentage of compressions with adequate decompression, and percentage of compressions performed with the fingers in the center of the chest. RESULTS: Global quality of the compressions (NM: 84.2±23.7% vs. MT: 80.1±25.4% [p=0.25; p=ns]), percentage of compressions with correct depth (NM: 59.9±35.8% vs. MT: 59.5±35.7% [p=0.76; p=ns]), mean depth reached (NM: 37.3±3.8mm vs. MT: 36±5.3mm [p=0.06; p=ns]), percentage of complete re-expansion of the chest (NM: 94.4±9.3% vs. MT: 92.4±18.3% [p=0.58; p=ns]), and percentage of compressions with the recommended rate (NM: 62.2±34.6% vs. MT: 51±37.2% [p=0.13; p=ns]) proved similar with both methods. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of chest compressions with the new method (thumbs with closed fists) is similar to that afforded by the traditional method.

Efecto de 3 métodos de enseñanza en soporte vital básico en futuros maestros de Educación Primaria. Un diseño cuasiexperimental / Effect of 3 basic life support training programs in future primary school teachers. A quasi-experimental design

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el aprendizaje en soporte vital básico (SVB) en personal lego tras 3 experiencias formativas diferentes. Dise˜no: Se trata de un estudio cuasi experimental antes-después de muestreo no probabilístico, sin grupo control. Ámbito: Estudiantes de formación de profesorado de educación primaria de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. PARTICIPANTES: Un total de 124 estudiantes (68,8% mujeres y 31,2% hombres) de entre 20 y 39 años (M = 22,23; DE = 3,79), cuyo criterio de inclusión fue el no tener conocimientos previos sobre SVB. INTERVENCIONES: Se aplicaron 3 programas formativos sobre SVB a estudiantes universitarios: curso tradicional, métodos audiovisuales y dispositivos de retroalimentación. Variables de interés principales: En masaje continuo: profundidad media de la compresión, porcentaje de reexpansión correcta, ratio de compresiones por minuto, porcentaje de compresiones correctas. Con el desfibrilador externo semiautomático: tiempo empleado en aplicar una descarga antes y después de la formación. RESULTADOS: Existen diferencias significativas en los resultados obtenidos tras 2 min de masaje continuo en función de los programas formativos recibidos, favorables al método de retroalimentación: ratio de compresiones por minuto (p < 0,001), profundidad media de la compresión (p < 0,001), porcentaje de compresiones correctas (p < 0,001) y porcentaje de reexpansión correcta (p < 0,001). En cuanto al desfibrilador externo semiautomático, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el T después (p = 0,025). CONCLUSIONES: El programa de formación con dispositivos de retroalimentación obtuvo los mejores resultados de calidad de compresiones cardíacas, seguido del curso tradicional y del método audiovisual. Sus superiores resultados se manifestaron tanto en hombres como en mujeres. Los 3 métodos formativos lograron el objetivo de reducir los tiempos de desfibrilación

AIM: To evaluate the learning of basic life support (BLS) measures on the part of laypersons after 3 different teaching programs. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental before-after study involving a non-probabilistic sample without a control group was carried out. Scope: Primary school teacher students from the University of Santiago (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 124 students (68.8% women and 31.2% men) aged 20-39 years (M = 22.23; SD = 3.79), with no previous knowledge of BLS, were studied. INTERVENTIONS: Three teaching programs were used: a traditional course, an audio-visual approach and feedback devices. Main variables of interest: Chest compressions as sole cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill evaluation: average compression depth, compression rate, chest recoil percentage and percentage of correct compressions. Automated external defibrillator: time needed to apply a shock before and after the course. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the results obtained after 2 minutes of chest compressions, depending on the training program received, with feedback devices having a clear advantage referred to average compression depth (p < 0.001), compression rate (p < 0.001), chest recoil percentage (p < 0.001) and percentage of correct compressions (p < 0.001). Regarding automated external defibrillator, statistically significant differences were found in Tafter (p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The teaching course using feedback devices obtained the best results in terms of the quality of chest compressions, followed by the traditional course and audio-visual approach. These favorable results were present in both men and women. All 3 teaching methods reached the goal of reducing defibrillation time

Tabla Air Stand-Up Paddle de rescate acuático: ¿Cómo puede ayudar al socorrista? / Air Table Stand-Up Paddle water rescue: How can you help the lifeguard?

Las tablas tradicionales y rígidas en socorrismo acuático han sido rechazadas en muchos servicios de socorrismo por los problemas que generaban. La experiencia con tablas hinchables (AIRSUPRA) ha demostrado muchas ventajas y las objeciones sobre este material están desapareciendo y ya comienzan a utilizarse en servicios de socorrismo, que antes eran reticentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto del uso de la tabla AIRSUPRA en el tiempo de aproximación en una distancia de 100 metros, con una muestra de 16 socorristas profesionales (13 hombres y 3 mujeres), certificados y actualizados en técnicas de rescate, pero sin experiencia con tablas AIRSUPRA. Los resultados demuestran que cuando se realiza la aproximación con la tabla AIRSUPRA (TR1) se obtiene un tiempo de 54.13 + 8.58, mientras que cuando se realiza la aproximación a nado el tiempo es 93.19 + 25.52, con una diferencia de 39.06 segundos, estadísticamente significativa (p <0.001). Este primer estudio y sus resultados apuntan a la necesidad de profundizar en la investigación con este nuevo material para el rescate (AU)

The use of traditional and rigid boards in aquatic lifesaving cause more problems than advantages, for this reason was frequently rejected in many lifesaving services. However, based on knowledge and experimentation with inflatable boards many advantages have been proven, doubts and objections on this material are disappearing and, in fact, are beginning to be used in lifesaving services that were previously reluctant to use them. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of using the table AIRSUPRA in the time of approaching for a distance of 100 meters. The sample was integrated by 16 professionals (13 men and 3 women), all of them with rescue techniques certification and updated training, but with no experience managing boards AIRSUPRA. The results show that when the approximation with AIRSUPRA table (TR1) is performed the time was of 54.13 + 8.58, whereas when the approaching is performed swmming the time was of 93.19 + 25.52, with a difference of 39.06 seconds, statistically significant (p <0.001). This first study and its results point to the need for further research with this new material for rescue (AU)

Effect of 3basic life support training programs in future primary school teachers. A quasi-experimental design. / Efecto de 3métodos de enseñanza en soporte vital básico en futuros maestros de Educación Primaria. Un diseño cuasiexperimental.

AIM: To evaluate the learning of basic life support (BLS) measures on the part of laypersons after 3different teaching programs. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental before-after study involving a non-probabilistic sample without a control group was carried out. SCOPE: Primary school teacher students from the University of Santiago (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 124 students (68.8% women and 31.2% men) aged 20-39 years (M=22.23; SD=3.79), with no previous knowledge of BLS, were studied. INTERVENTIONS: Three teaching programs were used: a traditional course, an audio-visual approach and feedback devices. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Chest compressions as sole cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill evaluation: average compression depth, compression rate, chest recoil percentage and percentage of correct compressions. Automated external defibrillator: time needed to apply a shock before and after the course. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the results obtained after 2minutes of chest compressions, depending on the training program received, with feedback devices having a clear advantage referred to average compression depth (p<0.001), compression rate (p<0.001), chest recoil percentage (p<0.001) and percentage of correct compressions (p<0.001). Regarding automated external defibrillator, statistically significant differences were found in Tafter (p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The teaching course using feedback devices obtained the best results in terms of the quality of chest compressions, followed by the traditional course and audio-visual approach. These favorable results were present in both men and women. All 3teaching methods reached the goal of reducing defibrillation time.

Utilidad de un dispositivo luminoso simple para mejorar el aprendizaje del masaje cardiaco / Utility of a simple lighting device to improve chest compressions learning

Introducción. Las recomendaciones sobre la reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) enfatizan la calidad de las maniobras, en especial las compresiones torácicas (CT). Los dispositivos de retroalimentación podrían mejorar la calidad de las CT durante la RCP. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la utilidad de un dispositivo lumínico simple como ayuda visual durante la RCP en un maniquí. Material y métodos. Veintidós mujeres pediatras que asistieron a un curso acreditado de RCP pediátrica realizaron, siguiendo un orden aleatorio, 2min de RCP en un maniquí sin y con la ayuda de un dispositivo luminoso simple, que emite destellos con una frecuencia de 100 ciclos por minuto. Se analizaron mediante un medidor validado de la calidad de las compresiones (CPRmeter®) las siguientes variables de las CT: profundidad, descompresiones, frecuencia, tiempo de RCP y porcentaje de compresiones. Resultados. Con el dispositivo luminoso, las participantes aumentaron la calidad media (60,23±54,50 vs. 79,24±9,80%; p=0,005), la profundidad (48,86±42,67 vs. 72,95±20,25%; p=0,036) y la frecuencia del masaje (35,82±37,54 vs. 67,09±31,95%; p=0,024). Conclusiones. Un dispositivo luminoso simple que parpadea a la frecuencia recomendada mejora la calidad de las CT realizadas por residentes de pediatría en un maniquí. Se debería evaluar la utilidad de este sistema de ayuda de la RCP en pacientes reales (AU)

Introduction. The recommendations on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) emphasize the quality of the manoeuvres, especially chest compressions (CC). Audiovisual feedback devices could improve the quality of the CC during CPR. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a simple lighting device as a visual aid during CPR on a mannequin. Material and methods. Twenty-two paediatricians who attended an accredited paediatric CPR course performed, in random order, 2min of CPR on a mannequin without and with the help of a simple lighting device, which flashes at a frequency of 100 cycles per minute. The following CC variables were analyzed using a validated compression quality meter (CPRmeter®): depth, decompression, rate, CPR time and percentage of compressions. Results. With the lighting device, participants increased average quality (60.23±54.50 vs. 79.24±9.80%; P=.005), percentage in target depth (48.86±42.67 vs. 72.95±20.25%; P=.036) and rate (35.82±37.54 vs. 67.09±31.95%; P=.024). Conclusions. A simple light device that flashes at the recommended frequency improves the quality of CC performed by paediatric residents on a mannequin. The usefulness of this CPR aid system should be assessed in real patients (AU)

Programas de deporte escolar en España e implicación de los agentes educativos / School sport programs in Spain and the participation of the educational personnel

Las Comunidades Autónomas de España (CCAA) tienen competencias en la promoción deportiva escolar. La participación de agentes educativos en sus planes y programas es necesaria para una correcta pedagogía del deporte. Este trabajo presenta como objetivo el análisis de los agentes involucrados en la gestión, organización y puesta en práctica de los planes deportivos escolares, así como la implicación de agentes del ámbito educativo. Se realizó un estudio transversal sobre una muestra de 15 CCAA. Los datos fueron extraídos a través de diferentes técnicas de investigación cualitativa. Los resultados muestran una falta de uniformidad en la gestión de los planes autonómicos de deporte escolar, detectándose una importante ausencia de implicación de agentes educativos (AU)

The Autonomous Communities in Spain (CCAA in Spanish) have the competency to promote sports in schools. The participation of educational personnel in their programs is necessary for the correct tutoring ability of any sport. This study’s objective was to analyze the personnel involved in the management, organization and putting into practice the school sports programs, as well as the involvement of the personnel within the educational realm. We carried out a transverse study in a sample of 15 CCAA. The data were obtained through different qualitative investigation methods. The results showed a lack of uniformity in the management of the autonomous school sports programs, detecting an important absence of implication of the educational personnel (AU)

Evaluación del conocimiento y de las habilidades para el uso de un Desfibrilador Externo Automatizado (DEA) por estudiantes universitarios. Un diseño cuasiexperimental / Assessment of knowledge and skills in using an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) by university students. A quasi-experimental study

Objetivo: Evaluar la capacidad del personal lego (estudiantes universitarios) para usar un desfibrilador externo automatizado (DEA). Diseño: Estudio cuasiexperimental de medidas repetidas de muestreo no probabilístico con grupo control. Ámbito: Estudiantes de formación de profesorado de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Participantes: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 129 sujetos, 69% mujeres y 31% hombres, de entre 19 y 47 años (media 23,2 ± 4,7), cuyo criterio de inclusión fue el no tener conocimientos previos sobre DEA. Intervenciones: Se tomaron los tiempos empleados en aplicar una descarga sobre un maniquí con DEA sin formación (T0); tras una explicación teórico-práctica inferior a 1 minuto (T1) y tras 6 meses del proceso formativo (T2). Variables de interés principales: La variable de resultado principal fue el tiempo empleado en aplicar una descarga. Se definió la variable «efecto de mejora» mediante la diferencia absoluta de tiempo entre T1 y T0, y la variable «efecto de grado de olvido» como la diferencia absoluta entre T1 y T2. Resultados: Las medias de tiempos fueron: T0 = 67,7 s; T1 = 44,2 s; T2 = 45,9 s. Se redujo el tiempo para realizar una descarga tras la explicación formativa (T1 < T0) (−23,4 s; p < 0,001). El T2 es inferior a T0 (−21,8 s; p < 0,001), pero mayor que T1 (1,6 s; p = 0,002). El efecto de mejora fue significativo (p < 0,001), al igual que el grado de olvido (p = 0,002). Conclusiones: Se demostró el fácil manejo del DEA, ya que personas sin formación fueron capaces de aplicar una descarga. El tiempo de administración de descarga se redujo tras una pequeña formación. Este tiempo apenas aumentó pasados 6 meses (AU)

Aim: To evaluate layperson (university student) ability to use an automated external defibrillator (AED). Design: A repeated measures quasi-experimental study with non-probabilistic sampling and a control group was carried out. Scope: Teacher training degree students at the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Participants: The sample consisted of 129 subjects (69% women and 31% men), between 19-47 years of age (mean 23.2 ± 4.7 years). As inclusion criterion, the subjects were required to have no previous knowledge of AED. Interventions: Times to apply defibrillation with an AED to a mannequin were recorded untrained (T0), after a theoretical and practice explanation lasting less than one minute (T1), and 6 months after the training process (T2). Main variables of interest: The primary endpoint was the time taken to deliver a defibrillation discharge. The «improvement effect» variable was defined by the absolute time difference between T1 and T0, while the «degree of forgetfulness effect» variable was defined as the absolute difference between T1 and T2. Results: The mean times were T0 = 67.7 s; T1 = 44.2 s; T2 = 45.9 s. The time to apply defibrillation was reduced after explanation training (T1 < T0) (−23.4 s; P < .001). T2 proved shorter than T0 (−21.8 s; P < .001) but longer than T1 (1.6 s; P = .002). The improvement effect was significant (P < .001), in the same way as the degree of forgetfulness (P = .002). Conclusions: Easy handling of AED was demonstrated, since untrained people were able to deliver a discharge. Defibrillation time was reduced after brief training. This time barely increased after 6 months (AU)

Policía Costera de Vigo. Estudio piloto cuasiexperimental sobre rescate y RCP / Coastal Police of Vigo. A quasi-experimental pilot study about rescue and CPR

El ahogamiento es una de las principales causas de muerte en el mundo y en España. Los socorristas ejercen una labor de prevención y vigilancia pero su labor es estacional y temporal. En muchos lugares, la primera respuesta a la emergencia, cuando los socorristas no están de servicio, depende de la policía, a la que se le requiere habilidades de rescate y reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP). El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la capacidad de rescate y efecto de la fatiga sobre la calidad de la RCP de un grupo de diez policías costeros cuya área de influencia es el litoral de Vigo. El diseño fue cuasi-experimental con dos factores (pretest basal/postest rescate). Los policías pudieron realizar el rescate acuático rápido y seguro 417 ± 54,5 seg, a nivel de lactacidema se registró 12,27 ± 2,36 mmol. La fatiga inducida por el rescate afectó negativamente a la calidad de la compresiones en la RCP (p = 0,002) (AU)

Drowning is a leading cause of death worldwide and in Spain. Lifeguards exert vigilance and prevention efforts but their work is seasonal and temporary. In many places the first emergency response when lifeguards are not on duty, depends on the police, which are required rescue skills and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The objective of this study is to determine the ability of lifesaving and effect of fatigue on the quality of CPR of a group of ten coastal police whose area of influence is the coast of Vigo. The design was quasiexperimental with two factors (basal pretest / posttest rescue). Cops with basic training could perform fast and safe water rescue 417 ± 54.5 seconds, lactate level was recorded 12.27 ± 2.36 mmol. Induced fatigue during resuce effort had a nevative effect on the quality of compressions in CPR (p = 0.002) (AU)

Utility of a simple lighting device to improve chest compressions learning. / Utilidad de un dispositivo luminoso simple para mejorar el aprendizaje del masaje cardiaco.

INTRODUCTION: The recommendations on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) emphasize the quality of the manoeuvres, especially chest compressions (CC). Audiovisual feedback devices could improve the quality of the CC during CPR. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a simple lighting device as a visual aid during CPR on a mannequin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-two paediatricians who attended an accredited paediatric CPR course performed, in random order, 2min of CPR on a mannequin without and with the help of a simple lighting device, which flashes at a frequency of 100 cycles per minute. The following CC variables were analyzed using a validated compression quality meter (CPRmeter®): depth, decompression, rate, CPR time and percentage of compressions. RESULTS: With the lighting device, participants increased average quality (60.23±54.50 vs. 79.24±9.80%; P=.005), percentage in target depth (48.86±42.67 vs. 72.95±20.25%; P=.036) and rate (35.82±37.54 vs. 67.09±31.95%; P=.024). CONCLUSIONS: A simple light device that flashes at the recommended frequency improves the quality of CC performed by paediatric residents on a mannequin. The usefulness of this CPR aid system should be assessed in real patients.

Assessment of knowledge and skills in using an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) by university students. A quasi-experimental study. / Evaluación del conocimiento y de las habilidades para el uso de un Desfibrilador Externo Automatizado (DEA) por estudiantes universitarios. Un diseño cuasiexperimental.

AIM: To evaluate layperson (university student) ability to use an automated external defibrillator (AED). DESIGN: A repeated measures quasi-experimental study with non-probabilistic sampling and a control group was carried out. SCOPE: Teacher training degree students at the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: The sample consisted of 129 subjects (69% women and 31% men), between 19-47 years of age (mean 23.2±4.7 years). As inclusion criterion, the subjects were required to have no previous knowledge of AED. INTERVENTIONS: Times to apply defibrillation with an AED to a mannequin were recorded untrained (T0), after a theoretical and practice explanation lasting less than one minute (T1), and 6 months after the training process (T2). MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: The primary endpoint was the time taken to deliver a defibrillation discharge. The "improvement effect" variable was defined by the absolute time difference between T1 and T0, while the "degree of forgetfulness effect" variable was defined as the absolute difference between T1 and T2. RESULTS: The mean times were T0=67.7s; T1=44.2s; T2=45.9s. The time to apply defibrillation was reduced after explanation training (T1

La coordinación de socorristas acuáticos profesionales en espacios acuáticos naturales (playas) / The management of lifeguards in natural acuatic spaces (beaches)

Este estudio nace con la necesidad de establecer criterios básicos y descripción de recomendaciones para mejorar el nivel de atención de los socorristas acuáticos profesionales en los espacios acuáticos naturales, concretamente en el trabajo realizado en las playas, con el objetivo de aumentar la seguridad de estas zonas de baño. El estudio se ha desarrollado en la Comunidad Autónoma de Cataluña, concretamente en tres playas de varios municipios de la provincia de Barcelona. Se puede afirmar que tras esta investigación la mayor parte de los socorristas acuáticos que han participado en el estudio valoraron positivamente las medidas y criterios propuestos, asumiendo que con los mismos se puede desempeñar mejor su trabajo (AU)

This study arises from the need to establish basic criteria and the description of recommendations to improve the level of responsiveness of lifeguards in natural aquatic areas, specifically in the work done on the beaches, in order to increase the safety of these bathing areas. The study was developed Cataluña, in three beaches of different municipalities in the province of Barcelona. We can aver after this research that most of the lifeguards who participated in the study value positively the proposed measures and criteria, through the assumption that these features help improve their work (AU)

Effect of High and Low Flexibility Levels on Physical Fitness and Neuromuscular Properties in Professional Soccer Players.

This study aimed to analyse the impact of high and low flexibility levels of hamstring and quadriceps muscles on physical fitness and neuromuscular properties in professional soccer players. 62 male professional soccer players participated in this study and performed 2 instrumented flexibility tests (passive straight leg raise [PSLR] and quadriceps flexibility [QF]). Anaerobic performance was assessed using countermovement jump (CMJ), Abalakov vertical jump, 20-m sprint, and Balsom agility test. A k-means cluster analysis was performed to identify a cut-off value of hamstring and quadriceps flexibility and classify players as high hamstring flexibility (HHF) and low hamstring flexibility (LHF) or high quadriceps flexibility (HQF) and low quadriceps flexibility (LQF), respectively, according to the PSLR and QF performances. The LQF players performed better than HQF on CMJ (p=0.042, ES: 0.64) and Balsom agility test (p=0.029, ES: 0.68). In addition, LQF showed higher muscular stiffness than HQF players (p=0.002, ES: 0.88). There were no significant differences between HHF and LHF groups. When pooling the HQF and LQF players' data, the Pearson's correlation showed significant moderate positive association between muscular stiffness and QF (r=0.516, p<0.001). These results support the rationale that baseline stiffness is likely to influence athletic performance rather than flexibility level in soccer players.